Chapter 7

Most Modern database management programs support a standard language for programming complete queries called SQL
BQ: What does SQL stand for?
Personal information manager (PIM): an electronic organizer
-automates some or all or the following functions: address/phone book, appointmenr calender, to do list, miscellaneous notes
-handheld computers can share information with applications such as iCalender running on PCs and Macintoshes.
File Manager: enables users to work with one file a time
Database management system (DBMS): manipulates data in a large collection of data of files, cross-referencing between files as needed.
 -used interactively or can be controlled by other programs.
To most users, a relational database program is one that allows tables to be related to each other.
-changes in one table are reflected in other tables automatically
To computer scientists, the term relational database has a technical definition related to: the underlying structure of the data and the rules specifying how that data can be manipulated.

Chapter 7: Database Applications and Privacy Settings

Database: collection of information that has been organized in some fashion making it easy to reference and retrieve.
-->based on last name in combination with the first name
-->unique identifier is combination of two fields
BQ: What is a unique identifier?
Database: storage container for data
Google is one of the most successful companies on WWW.
-Search for Web pages, facts, quotes, etc.
-200 million queries
Launched by Sergey Brin and Larry Page
-Stanford PhD students
-new approach in seach technology
-marks a page relevence by the number of times other related web pages link to it, not how often a word appears)
BQ: Discuss Sergey Brin and Larry Page
A database: collection of information stored on computer disks
Database Software:
-application software
-Designed to maintain databases
Advantages offered by computerized databases:
-make it easier to store large quantities of information
-make it easier to retrieve information quickly and flexibly
-make it easy to to organize and reorganize information
Database Anatomy:
-Database programs: a software rool for organizing the storage and retrieval of information
-Database: a collection of information sored in an organized form in a comuter
--> typically composed of one or more tables or a collection of related information and records
 BQ: What is a database program?
A record is the information relating to one person, product, or event
BQ: What is a record?
-Each discrete piece of information in a record is a field.
The type of information a field can hold is determined by its Field Type or Data Type.
Database programs provide tou with more than one way to view data: Form views: show one record at a time or List Views: display several records in lists similar to the way a spreadsheet displays data.
In any view, fields can be rearranged without changing the underlying data
Import: recieve data in the form of text files
Browse: navigate through information
Query: find records that match specific criteria
Sort: rearrange records
Print reports, labels, and form letters: a report is an ordered list of selected records and fields in an easy to read format
1/8/11
-Google is one of the most successful companies on WWW.
--> search for web pages, facts, quotes, etc
--> 200 million queries a day
-Lauched by a Sergey Brin and Larry Page
--> new approach in seach technology
What good is a database:
Database: a collection of information stored on computer disks
Data: pieces of information
-A primary key uniquely identifies a record.
A table is a collection of records of the same type.
Advantages offered by databases:
--> easier to store large quantitites of information, retrieve information quickly and flexibly

Chapter 6

Object Oriented drawing gives you these advantages:
-better for creating printed graphs, charts, and illustrations
-lines are leaner and shaper are smoother
Some integrated programs contain both drawing and painting modules
-allows you to choose the right took for each job
Some programs merge features of both in a single application
-blurs the distinction between types
-offers new possibilities for amateur and professional illustrators
Computer Aided Design software:
-allows engineers, designers, and architects to create designs on screen for products ranging from computer chips to pubilc buildings
-can test product prototypes
-cheaper, faster, and more accurate than traditional design by hand techniques
Computer Aided Manufacturing: is the process by which data related to the product design are fed into a program athat controls the manufacturing of parts
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: refers to the combination of CAD/CAM and is a major step toward a fully automated factory\
Presentation Graphics: Bringing Lectures to Life
-automates the creation of visual aids for lectures, training sessions, sales demonstrations, and other presentations
-creates slide shows directly on computer moniters or LCD projectors, inclusing still images, animation, and video clips

Rules of Thumb:

-remember yout goal

-remember your audience

-outline your ideas

-be stingy with words

-keep it simple

-use a consistent design

-be smart with art

-keep each slide focused

-tell them what you are going to tell them, then tell them, and then tell them wha you told them

Modern media contains dynamic information, whixh is information that changes over time or in response to user input

-animation

-desktop video

-audio

-hypertext

Each frame of computer based ainatiom is a computer drawn picture, the computer displays these frames in rapid sucession
Tweening: Instead of drawing each frame by hand, the animator can create key frames and objects and use software to fill in the gaps

Analog and Digital Video: a video digitizer can convert analog video signals from a television broadcast or videotape into digital data

Many video digitizers can import signals from televisions, videotapes, video camera, and other sources
-signals are displayed on the computer's screen in real time at the same time they're created or imported
Digital video camras capture footage in digital form

Digital video can be copied, edited, stored, and played back without any loss of quality

Digital video will soon replace analog video for most applications.

Blog Question: What is a video digitizer?

Today most video editing is done using nonlinear editing technology

-video editing software. such as adobe premiere makes it easy to eliminate extraneous footage, combine clips from multiple takes, splice togther scenes, create specific effects and perform a variety of other activities

Morphs are video clips in which one image metamorphs into another

Data compression software and hardware are used to squeeze data out of movies so that tey can be stored in smaller spaces.

Audio Digitizer: captures sound and stores it as a data file

Synthesizer: is an electronic instrument capable of producing sounds by generating electrical signals of different frequencies.

MIDI (Musical Instument Digital Interface): standard interface that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate with each other.
Dynamic Media: Music is digitized on audio CDs at a high sampling rate and bit depth which is high enough that it's hard to tell the diffrence between the original analog sound and the final digital recording.
Digital Dos and Don't
-Don't steal
-understand streaming and downloading
-know your file formats
-don't over compress
WAV, AIFF: Standard formarts for uncompressed audi for Windows and the Mac OS respectivelt. Both formats are supported on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. Both create large files. Both are lossless, a CD track encoded with WAV or AIFF sounds identical to the original.
MP3: a popular format for transmitting audio on the Internet. A CD track converted to MP3 format can be 1/10 the size of the original or smaller but still sonud very similar.
WMA: An alternative to MP3 developed by Microsoft for Windows. WMA compression can reult in smaller files of higher fidelity.
Multimedia computers can control a variety of electronic musical instuments and sound sources using MIDI. MIDI commands can be interpresented by a varierty of: Music synthesizers and samplers
A piano-style keyboard sends MIDI signals to the computer
-Computer interprets the MIDI commands using sequencing software
-sequencing software turns a computer into a musical compsing recording and editing machine
Electronica: music designed from the ground up with digital technology.
-someof the most interesting sequnced music
Hypertext refers to information linted in non-sequential ways
Hypermedia combines text, numbers, graphics, animation, sound effects, music, and other media in hyperlinked documents. useful for online help files and lets user jump between documents all over the Internet.

Chapter 6: Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia

Tim Berner's-Lee Weaves the Web for Everybody
-born in London 1955
-Wanted to create an openended distributed hypertext system wuth no boundries so scientists everywhere could link their work together
-Invented the WWW and gave it to all
-Now works at MIT
-Heads the WWW Consortium (W3C)
Painting: Bitmapped Graphics: Painting Software:
-Paints pixels on the screen with a pointing device
-pointer movements are translated into lines and patterns on the screen
-stores an image at 300 dots per inch of higher
Pixels: tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up images on the screen
Paletter: of tools mimics real worls painting tools (also contains other tools that are unique to computers)
Bitmapped Graphics(raster graphics): pictures that show how the pixels are mapped on the screen
Color Depth: the number of bits devoted to each pixel
Resolution: the density of the pixels
Image Processing: Photographic Editing by Computer
-allows the user to manipulate photographs and other high resolution images with tools such as Adobe Photoshop
-Far more powerful than traditional photo-retouching techniques: can distort and combine photos as demonstrated in the tabloids
-can create fabricated images that show no evidence of tampering
-Digital Photo Management Software programs such as Apple iPhoto and Microsoft Pictureit! simplify and automate common tasks associated with captureing, organizing, editing, and sharing digital images.
-Drawing Software stores a picture as a collectin og lines and shapes (object oriented/vector graphics)
Memory demands on storageare not as hign as for bitmapped images
-many drawing tools line, shape, and text tools are similar to painting tools in bitmapped programs.
Post Script: a standard page description language for describing text fonts, illustrations and other elements of the printed page
-used by professional drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator and Macromedia Freehand
-built into many laser printers and other high end out put devices so those devices can understand and follow Post Script Instructions
-Post Script based drawing software constructs a Post Script program as the user draws.
Bitmapped paintings(pixels) gives you these advantages:
-more controls over textures, shadins, and fine detail
-appropriate for screen displays, simulating natural paint media and embellishing photographs
-object-oriented drawing gives you thses advantages:
-better for creating printed graphs, charts and illustrations and lines
-Some integrated programs contain both drawing and painting modules
-allows you to shoose the right tool for each job
-Some programs merge features of both in a single application
-blurs the distinction between types
-offers new possibilities for amateur and professional illustrators.
Creating Smart Art
-reprogram yourself...relax
-choose the right tool for the job
-borrow from the best
-don't borrow without permission
-protect your own work

ITGS Notes: Productivity

Scientific Visualization:
-uses shape, location in space, color, brightness, and motion to help us visualize data
-helps researchers see relationships that might have been obscure or even impossible to grasp without computer aided visualization tools.
Computer Modeling uses computers to create abstract models of objects, organism, organizations, and processes
Ex: games, models, flight simulators, business simulations
Computer Simulations:
-widely used
there are many reasons such as safety, economy, projection, visualization, replication
Risk of Computer Simulations:
-GIGO revisited
-the accuracy of a simulation depends on how closely its mathematical model corresponds to the system being simulated
-some models suffer from faulty assumptions
some models contain hidden assumptions that may not even be obvious to their creators
-some models go astray simply because of clerical or human errors
-still garbage in garbage out is a basic rule of simulation   
Making Reality Fit the Machine
-some simulations are so complex that researchers need to simplify models and streamline calculations it get them to run on the best hardware available.
Sometimes this simplification is reality is deliberate more often its conscious
-either way information can be lost and the the loss may compromise the integrity of the simulation and call the results into question.
The illusion of infallibility
-a computer simulation whether generated by a PC spreadsheet or churned out by a super computer can be an invaluable decision making aid
-the risk is that the people who make decisions with computers will turn over too much of their decision making power to the computer
-risks can be magnified because people take computers seriously.
-Future users interfaces will be based on agents rather than on told
-agents are software programs designed to be managed rather than manipulated
-an intelligent software agent can ask questions as well as respond to commands, pay attention to its users work patters, serve as a guide and a coach, take on its owner's goals, use reasoning to fabricate goals of its own
-tomorrow's agents will be better able to compete with human assistants
0future agents may possess a degree of sensitivity
-a well trained software agent in the future might accomplish these tasks: Remind you that it is time to get the tires rotated on your car and make an appointment for the rotation and distribute notes to the other members of your study group or work group and tell you which members opened those notes
-keep you posted on new articles on subjects that interest you and know enough about those subjects to be selective without being rigid
-manage your appointments and keep track of your communications
-teach you new applications and answer reference questions
-defend your system and your home from viruses, intruders, and other security breaches
-help protect your privacy on and off the Net

ITGS NOTES: CHAPTER 5

Formulas can be relative-referring to different cells when they are copied

Absolute-formula references never changes when they are copied.

Functions automate complex (SUM, AAVG, SQRT)

Macros store keystrokes and commands so they can be played back automatically

Templates offer ready to use worksheets with labels and formulas already entered. Linking spreadsheets together when the values change in one spreadsheet, the data is automatically updated in all linked spreadsheets.

Database capabilities search for information, sort the data by a specific criteria, merge the data with a word processor, generate reports

Rules of Thumb: Avoiding spreadsheet pitfalls

-plan the worksheet before you start entering values and formulas

-make your assumptions as accurate as possible.

-Double-check every formula and value.

-Make formulas readable

-Check your output against other systems

-Build in cross checks

-change the input data values and study the results

-take advantage of pre-programmed functions, templates, and macros

-Use a spreadsheet as a decision making aid not a decision maker.

What if Questions

-Spreadsheets allow you to change numbers and instantly see the effects of those canges.

Equations Solbers

0Some spreadsheets generate data needed to fit a given equation and target calue

Spreadshee Graphics

-Charts allow you to turn numbers into isual data

-pie charts show proportions relative to the whole.

-Line charts show trends or relationships over time

-Use bar charts is data falls into a few categories

-Use scatter charts to discover rather than display a relationshoip between two variables.

Choose the right charts for the job

-Think abut the message you’re trying to convey

-Pie Charts, bar charts, line charts, and scatter charts are not interchangeable

Keep it simple, familiar, and understandable

-Use Charts in magazines, books, and newspapers as models

-Strive to reveal the truth, not hide it

Accounting and Financial Mangement software allows you to electronically handle routine transactions such as:

-writing checks

-balancing accounts

-creating budgets

-using online banking services

-preparing taxes-Quick Book

Mathematics processing software

-software turns abstract mathematical relationships into visual objects. (Mathematica  by Wolfram)

=Generally they include an interactive, wizard-like question and answer mode, a programming language, and tools for creating interactive documents that combine text, numerical expressions, and graphics.

Statistical and data analysis software

-collects and analyzes data that tests the strength of data relationships

-Can produce graphs showing how two or more variables relate to each other

-can often uncover trends by browsing through two and three dimensional graphs of data looking for unusual patterns in the dots and lines that appear on the screen.

    Scientific Visualization

-Scientificvisualization software uses shape, location in pace, color, brightness, and motin to help us visualize data.

Visualization helps researchers see relatinshops that might have been obsure or even impossible to grasp withour cimptuer aided visualization tools.

Chapter 5: Productivity Applications

Objectives:

• Describe how word processing and desktop publishing software have revolutionized writing and publishing
• Discuss the potential impact of desktop publishing and web publishing on the concept of freedom of the press
• Speculate about future developments in word processing and digital publishing
• Descirbe the basic functions and applications of spreadsheets and other types of statistical and simulation programs.

Doug Engelbart Explores Hyperspace:
-One of the pioneers of the computer hardware and software

• In 1968, he demonstrated his Augment System: mouse, video display editing, mixed text and graphics, windowing, outlining, shared screen video conferencing, computer conferencing, groupware, hypermedia

Working With a Word Processor involves several steps:

• Entering Text
• Editing Text
• Formatting the document
• Proofreading the document
• Saving the document on disk
• Printing the document

Entering, Editing, and Formatting Text
-Entering Text

• Text is displayed on the screen and ftored in the computer's RAM
• Save your work periodically because RAM is not permanaent memory

-Editing Text

• Navigate to different parts of a document
• Insert or Delete text at any point
• Move and copy text
• Seach and replace words or phrases.

Word Processors and Other Word Tools
-Formatting Commands
-Formatting Characters

• characters are measured by point size (one point is equal to 1/72 inch
• A font is a size anf style of typeface
• Serif fonts have serifs or fine lines at the ends of each character.
• You can use monospaced fonts and proportionally spaced fonts.

-Formatting paragraphs invovlves

• Margin Settings
• Line Spacing
• Indents
• Tabs
• Justification

-Formatting the doument

• Stylesheets
• Header and Footers
• Multiple Variable Columns
• Graphics
• Automatic editing heatures
• Hidden comments
• Table of contents and indexes
• Coaching and help features
• Conversion to HTML or Web Publishing

Rules of Thumb: Word Processing is Not Typing
-Use the reutn or enter key only when you must
-Word wrap moves text to the next line
Use tabs and margin gruides not the spacebar to align columns
-WYSIWYG is a matter of degree
-Text that looks perfectly aligned  onscreen may not line up on paper.
Don't Underline
-Use Italics and boldface for emphasis; italisize books and journal titles
Use only one space after a period
-proportionally spaced fonts look better withuot double spaces
Take Advantage of special characters
-Bullets, dashes, and smart quotes make your work look more professional
Outliners and Idea Processors are effective at:
-Arranging information into levels
-rearraging ideas and levels
-hiding and revealing levels of detail as needed.
Digital References:
-dictionaries, quotation books, encyclopedias, ,atlasses, almanacs, and other references are now available in digital form
-the biggest advantage of the electronic form is speed.
-the biggest drawback is that quick and easy copying might tempt wiriters to plagarize.
Synonym Finders.
-a computerized thesaurus cann provide instantaneious feedback for sunonyms
Spelling Checkers
-compare words in your document with words in a disk-based dictioniary
-Words might be flagged but you make the decision to ignore or change the spelling
Grammar and Style Checkers
-Analyze each word in context, checking for errors of content Check spelling
-Point out possible errors and suggest improvements
-Analyze pros complexity using measurements such as sentence length and paragraphs.
Form Letter Generators.
-Mail Merge capabilities produce personalized form letters.

• Create a database with names
• Create a form letter
• Merge the database with the form letter to create a personalized letter.

You can incorporate custom paragraphs based on the recipient's personal data
-Each letter looks as if it were individually written
Collaborative Writing Tools
-Groupware; software designed to be used by a work group
-provides for collaborative writing and editing
-Tracks changes and identifies them by the originator's name
-Compares document versions and highlights differences in documents
-Processing handwritten words
-Processing words with software that can reliably recognize human speech
-Anticipating a writer's , acting as an electronic editor or co-author.
What is Desktop publishing?
-The process of producing a book, magazine, or other publication includes several steps: Writing Text, Editing Text, Producing drawing photographs, and other graphics to accompany the text
-designing a basic format for the publication
typesetting text
arranging text and graphics on pages
-typesetting and printing pages
-binding pages into a finished publication
-Modern desktop publishing teachnolgy (DTP0, the producyion processes can be accompanied with sophisticated tools that are affordable and easy to use.
-Desktop Publishing Sfotware

• Image Editing Software
• Page Layout software combines the various source documents into a coherent visually appealing publication

Rules of Thumb:

• Plan before you pubolish
• Use appropriate fonts
• Don't go style crazy
• Vieww your document through your reader's eyes
• -Learn from your masters
• Know your limitations
• Remember the : "The purpose of publishing is communiation, don't try to use technolgy to disguise the lack of something to communicate."

Why Desktop Publishing?

• Save money
• Saves time
• Can reduce the number of publication errors
• Offers new hope for every indiviaul's right to ppublish

Paperless Publishing and the Web
-A common prediction is that desktop publishing and paper publishing in general will be replaced by paperless electronic media

The Maleable Matrix
-The spreadsheet consists of Cells and Addresses

Spreadsheets can contain Values and Labels
Formulas allow you to create instructions using mathematical expressions and commands